Efektywność rolnictwa w Polsce i Niemczech w latach 2007-2023. Analiza porównawcza w kontekście historycznych uwarunkowań i Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej

This paper presents a comparative analysis of the technical efficiency of agriculture in Poland and Germany from 2007 to 2023. The study aims to assess the relative efficiency of farms in both countries and to understand how historical and social factors have shaped contemporary differences and similarities in the agricultural sector. The main research hypothesis assumes that, despite operating under the common mechanisms of the Common Agricultural Policy, the technical efficiency of agriculture in Poland and Germany developed at different levels and showed different dynamics of change, which is due primarily to historical conditions, agrarian structure, and the pace and nature of agricultural 
modernisation. The DEA analysis serves as a tool for identifying efficiency differences rather than a full explanatory instrument for broader socio-economic processes.

The study uses methods of multivariate comparative analysis, in particular an input-oriented Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model, including a super-efficiency model (SEDEA), based on EUROSTAT data from 2007–2023. The results confirm that Poland maintained a very high level of technical efficiency (averaging 160%), significantly outperforming Germany (averaging 112%) and the EU average. Poland was also chosen more frequently as an efficiency benchmark for other EU countries, while Germany exhibited a stable but moderate level of efficiency and a less stable ranking position.